Research

Research

References

Every source cited across the Society's website, grouped by topic and alphabetized within each group. Each entry links to the publication and to the pages that cite it.

Society publications (5)

  • Gudrunardottir T, Morgan AT, Lux AL, et al. Consensus paper on post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome: the Iceland Delphi results. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32(7):1195–1203. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring, Research, Meetings
  • Posterior Fossa Society Consensus Meeting 2018: a synopsis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2019. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring, Research, Meetings
  • Sidpra J, Toescu SM, Yamaki V, et al. Artificial intelligence improves the preoperative prediction of cerebellar mutism syndrome: a multinational, multi-reader study and practice recommendations from the Posterior Fossa Society [abstract]. Neuro-Oncology Pediatrics. 2025;1(Suppl 1):wuaf001.163. LinkCited on: Radiology, Research
  • Toescu SM, Pizer B, Gump W, et al. Toward reducing the risk of cerebellar mutism syndrome: consensus statement from the Posterior Fossa Society. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2025;36(6):789–797. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery, Nosology & Scoring, Radiology, Rehabilitation, Research, Meetings, Guidance before surgery
  • Walsh KS, Pizer B, Samargia-Grivette S, et al. Proceedings of the first global meeting of the Posterior Fossa Society: state of the art in cerebellar mutism syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2024;40(7):2177–2191. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation, Research, Meetings

Surgery (12)

  • Adegboyega G, Momin S, Gillespie CS, et al. Intraoperative MRI in pediatric epilepsy and neuro-oncology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;34(6):628–641. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Bush S, Klimo P Jr, Onar-Thomas A, et al. Application of the Rotterdam postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome prediction model in patients undergoing surgery for medulloblastoma in a single institution. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;33(2):174–178. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Cobourn K, Marayati F, Tsering D, et al. Cerebellar mutism syndrome: current approaches to minimize risk for CMS. Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(6):1171–1179. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Grønbæk JK, Wibroe M, Toescu S, et al. Postoperative speech impairment and surgical approach to posterior fossa tumours in children: a prospective European multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(11):814–824. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery, Nosology & Scoring, Radiology
  • Guerrini-Rousseau L, Abbas R, Huybrechts S, et al. Role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in metastatic medulloblastoma: a comparative study in 92 children. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(11):1686–1695. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Keeling C, Davies S, Goddard J, et al. The clinical significance of sub-total surgical resection in childhood medulloblastoma: a multi-cohort analysis of 1100 patients. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;69:102469. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Khan RB, Patay Z, Klimo P, et al. Clinical features, neurologic recovery, and risk factors of postoperative posterior fossa syndrome and delayed recovery: a prospective study. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(9):1586–1596. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery, Nosology & Scoring, Radiology, Pathophysiology, Rehabilitation
  • Onorini N, Spennato P, Orlando V, et al. The clinical and prognostic impact of the choice of surgical approach to fourth ventricular tumors in a single-center, single-surgeon cohort of 92 consecutive pediatric patients. Front Oncol. 2022;12:821738. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Patel N, Keating G, Solanki GA, et al. Medulloblastomas, CNS embryonal tumors, and cerebellar mutism syndrome: advances in care and future directions. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(10):2633–2647. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Pettersson SD, Kitlinski M, Miękisiak G, et al. Risk factors for postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2022;29(4):467–475. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Toescu SM, Samarth G, Layard Horsfall H, et al. Fourth ventricle tumors in children: complications and influence of surgical approach. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2021;27(1):52–61. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery
  • Wells EM, Khademian ZP, Walsh KS, et al. Postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome following treatment of medulloblastoma: neuroradiographic features and origin. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010;5(4):329–334. LinkCited on: Neurosurgery

Definition, terminology, and scoring (11)

  • Ji Q, McAfee SS, Scoggins M, et al. Cerebellar mutism syndrome and dentato-thalamo-cortical tract disruption in diffusion tractography following surgery for medulloblastoma. Radiology. 2024;311(2):e232521. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring, Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • McAfee SS, Zhang S, Zou P, et al. Fastigial nuclei surgical damage and focal midbrain disruption implicate PAG survival circuits in cerebellar mutism syndrome. Neuro Oncol. 2023;25(2):375–385. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring, Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Obdeijn IV, van Baarsen KM, Avula S, et al. Neuroimaging of postoperative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome: a systematic review. Neurooncol Adv. 2025;7(1):vdae212. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring, Radiology
  • Raches D, Mule T, Conklin HM. Investigating severity of symptoms associated with posterior fossa syndrome as predictors of long-term cognitive and functional outcomes: a case series. Brain Disorders. 2023;11:100080. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring
  • Ricci FS, D'Alessandro R, Somà A, et al. Development and application of a diagnostic and severity scale to grade post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring
  • Robertson PL, Muraszko KM, Holmes EJ, et al. Incidence and severity of postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome in children with medulloblastoma: a prospective study by the Children's Oncology Group. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(6 Suppl):444–451. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring
  • Schmitz-Hübsch T, du Montcel ST, Baliko L, et al. Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia: development of a new clinical scale. Neurology. 2006;66(11):1717–1720. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring
  • Som T, Ravichander A, Khurana E, et al. The current state of research on postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome: a bibliometric analysis. J Child Neurol. 2025;40(8):620–633. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring
  • Thomale UW, Driever PH. Inconsistent terminology for cerebellar mutism. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(5):717–718. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring
  • Wibroe M, Cappelen J, Castor C, et al. Cerebellar mutism syndrome in children with brain tumours of the posterior fossa. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:439. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring
  • Wickenhauser ME, Khan RB, Raches D, et al. The posterior fossa syndrome questionnaire: using science to inform practice. J Neurooncol. 2022;157(3):465–473. LinkCited on: Nosology & Scoring

Imaging (20)

  • Ahmadian N, van Baarsen KM, Robe P, Hoving EW. Association between cerebral perfusion and paediatric postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome after posterior fossa surgery: a systematic review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2021;37(9):2743–2751. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Albazron FM, Bruss J, Jones RM, et al. Pediatric postoperative cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome follows outflow pathway lesions. Neurology. 2019;93(16):e1561–e1571. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Avula S, Jaspan T, Pizer B, et al. Comparison of intraoperative and post-operative 3-T MRI performed at 24–72 h following brain tumour resection in children. Neuroradiology. 2021;63(8):1367–1376. LinkCited on: Radiology
  • Avula S, Kumar R, Pizer B, et al. Diffusion abnormalities on intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging as an early predictor for the risk of posterior fossa syndrome. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(4):614–622. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Avula S, Spiteri M, Kumar R, et al. Post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome and its association with hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2016;6(5):535–544. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Deghedy M, Pizer B, Kumar R, et al. Basilar artery vasospasm as a cause of post-operative cerebellar mutism syndrome. Case Rep Pediatr. 2022;2022:9148100. LinkCited on: Radiology
  • Dhaenens BAE, van Veelen MLC, Catsman-Berrevoets CE. Preoperative prediction of postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome: validation of existing MRI models and proposal of the new Rotterdam pCMS prediction model. Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(7):1471–1480. LinkCited on: Radiology
  • Laustsen AF, Dineen R, Ilginiene J, et al. Interobserver variability in assessing preoperative imaging biomarkers for cerebellar mutism syndrome: a multiobserver pilot study. Pediatr Radiol. 2025;55(9):1915–1926. LinkCited on: Radiology
  • Liu JF, Dineen RA, Avula S, et al. Development of a pre-operative scoring system for predicting risk of post-operative paediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome. Br J Neurosurg. 2018;32(1):18–27. LinkCited on: Radiology
  • McAfee SS, Robinson G, Gajjar A, et al. Secondary cerebro-cerebellar and intra-cerebellar dysfunction in cerebellar mutism syndrome. Neuro Oncol. 2024;26(9):1700–1711. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Miller NG, Reddick WE, Kocak M, et al. Cerebellocerebral diaschisis is the likely mechanism of postsurgical posterior fossa syndrome in pediatric patients with midline cerebellar tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(2):288–294. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology, Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Morris EB, Phillips NS, Laningham FH, et al. Proximal dentatothalamocortical tract involvement in posterior fossa syndrome. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 11):3087–3095. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Patay Z, Enterkin J, Harreld JH, et al. MR imaging evaluation of inferior olivary nuclei: comparison of postoperative subjects with and without posterior fossa syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(4):797–802. LinkCited on: Radiology
  • Pinto SN, Scoggins MA, Patni T, et al. Longitudinal signal changes in the dentato-rubro-olivary pathway of patients with posterior fossa syndrome. Neuro-Oncol Pract. 2026. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Sidpra J, Marcus AP, Löbel U, et al. Improved prediction of postoperative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome using an artificial neural network. Neurooncol Adv. 2022;4(1):vdac003. LinkCited on: Radiology, Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Skye J, Bruss J, Toescu S, et al. Neuroanatomy of cerebellar mutism syndrome: the role of lesion location. Brain Commun. 2024;6(4):fcae197. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Toescu SM, Bruckert L, Jabarkheel R, et al. Spatiotemporal changes in along-tract profilometry of cerebellar peduncles in cerebellar mutism syndrome. NeuroImage Clin. 2022;35:103000. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Vedantam A, Stormes KM, Gadgil N, et al. Association between postoperative DTI metrics and neurological deficits after posterior fossa tumor resection in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019;24(4):364–370. LinkCited on: Radiology, Pathophysiology
  • Yang W, Li Y, Ying Z, et al. A presurgical voxel-wise predictive model for cerebellar mutism syndrome in children with posterior fossa tumors. NeuroImage Clin. 2023;37:103291. LinkCited on: Radiology
  • Yang W, Yang P, Li Y, et al. Presurgical MRI-based radiomics models for predicting cerebellar mutism syndrome in children with posterior fossa tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2023;58(6):1966–1976. LinkCited on: Radiology

Pathophysiology and neuroscience (22)

  • Al-Afif S, Krauss JK, Helms F, et al. Long-term impairment of social behavior, vocalizations and motor activity induced by bilateral lesions of the fastigial nucleus in juvenile rats. Brain Struct Funct. 2019;224(5):1739–1751. LinkCited on: Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Al-Afif S, Staden M, Krauss JK, Schwabe K, Hermann EJ. Splitting of the cerebellar vermis in juvenile rats: effects on social behavior, vocalization and motor activity. Behav Brain Res. 2013;250:293–298. LinkCited on: Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Brandenburg C, Srivastava S, Rey Hipolito AG, Lin T, Arenkiel BR, Sillitoe RV. Frequency-dependent cerebellar circuits independently gate social vocalizations and movement. iScience. 2026;29:117706. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology, Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Chen CH, Newman LN, Stark AP, et al. A Purkinje cell to parabrachial nucleus pathway enables broad cerebellar influence over the forebrain. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26(11):1929–1941. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • Fair DA, Cohen AL, Power JD, et al. Functional brain networks develop from a “local to distributed” organization. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5(5):e1000381. LinkCited on: Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Frontera JL, Baba Aissa H, Sala RW, et al. Bidirectional control of fear memories by cerebellar neurons projecting to the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey. Nat Commun. 2020;11:5207. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • Frontera JL, et al. The cerebellum regulates fear extinction through thalamo-prefrontal cortex interactions in male mice. Nat Commun. 2023. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • Grønbæk J, Molinari E, Avula S, et al. The supplementary motor area syndrome and the cerebellar mutism syndrome: a pathoanatomical relationship? Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(6):1197–1204. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • Hashimoto M, Yamanaka A, Kato S, Tanifuji M, Kobayashi K, Yaginuma H. Anatomical evidence for a direct projection from Purkinje cells in the mouse cerebellar vermis to medial parabrachial nucleus. Front Neural Circuits. 2018;12:6. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • King M, Hernandez-Castillo CR, Poldrack RA, Ivry RB, Diedrichsen J. Functional boundaries in the human cerebellum revealed by a multi-domain task battery. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(8):1371–1378. LinkCited on: Imaging & Neuroscience
  • King M, Shahshahani L, Ivry RB, Diedrichsen J. A task-general connectivity model reveals variation in convergence of cortical inputs to functional regions of the cerebellum. eLife. 2023;12:e81511. LinkCited on: Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Koutsikou S, et al. Neural substrates underlying fear-evoked freezing: the periaqueductal grey–cerebellar link. J Physiol. 2014. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • Krimmel SR, Laumann TO, Chauvin RJ, et al. The brainstem's red nucleus was evolutionarily upgraded to support goal-directed action. Nat Commun. 2025;16:3398. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • Kundu P, Benson BE, Rosen D, et al. The integration of functional brain activity from adolescence to adulthood. J Neurosci. 2018;38(14):3559–3570. LinkCited on: Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Lawrenson C, et al. Cerebellar modulation of memory encoding in the periaqueductal grey and fear behaviour. eLife. 2022;11:e76278. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • McAfee SS, Robinson G, Gajjar A, et al. Cerebellar mutism is linked to midbrain volatility and desynchronization from speech cortices. Brain. 2023;146(11):4755–4765. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology, Imaging & Neuroscience
  • McGann RA, et al. Optogenetic stimulation of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar vermis disrupts innate freezing behaviors and is highly aversive [preprint]. bioRxiv. 2026. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • Michael V, Goffinet J, Pearson J, et al. Circuit and synaptic organization of forebrain-to-midbrain pathways that promote and suppress vocalization. eLife. 2020;9:e63493. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology, Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Novello M, Bosman LWJ, De Zeeuw CI. A systematic review of direct outputs from the cerebellum to the brainstem and diencephalon in mammals. Cerebellum. 2024;23(1):210–239. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology, Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Sacchetti B, Baldi E, Lorenzini CA, Bucherelli C. Cerebellar role in fear-conditioning consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(12):8406–8411. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology
  • Vaaga CE, Brown ST, Raman IM. Cerebellar modulation of synaptic input to freezing-related neurons in the periaqueductal gray. eLife. 2020;9:e54302. LinkCited on: Pathophysiology, Imaging & Neuroscience
  • Zhang S, McAfee SS, Patay Z, Pinto S, Scoggins MA. Automatic detection and segmentation of postoperative cerebellar damage based on normalization. Neurooncol Adv. 2023;5(1):vdad006. LinkCited on: Imaging & Neuroscience

Recovery, outcomes, and rehabilitation (14)

  • Adaptive, behavioral, and emotional outcomes following postoperative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome in survivors treated for medulloblastoma. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;33(6). LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Hansen M, Bendel A, Blabolil JA, Hooke MC. Cerebellar mutism syndrome in children after surgery for a posterior fossa tumor: patient characteristics and recovery. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol Nurs. 2022. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Hodges R, Campbell L, Chami S, Knijnik SR, Docking K. Communication and swallowing outcomes of children diagnosed with childhood brain tumor or leukemia: a systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021;68(2):e28809. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Horne BM, Attanayake AA, Aquilina K, Murphy T, Malcolm CP. Neurocognitive outcomes following postoperative paediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2025;67(12). LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Hughes MH, Paturzo JGR, Fernandez CM, et al. Neurological, neuropsychological, and social outcomes in pediatric patients diagnosed with cerebellar mutism syndrome: a systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2025;72(12):e32072. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Palmer SL, Hassall T, Evankovich K, et al. Neurocognitive outcome 12 months following cerebellar mutism syndrome in pediatric patients with medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2010;12(12):1311–1317. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Patel T, Johar P, Kanisetti V, et al. Long-term neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes in survivors of pediatric brain tumors: a systematic review. Front Neurosci. 2025;19:1587059. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Samargia-Grivette S, Hartley H, Walsh K, et al. REhabilitation Approaches in CHildren with cerebellar mutism syndrome (REACH): an international cross-disciplinary survey study. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2024;17(2):185–197. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Sarvode S, Dhaduk R, Chen Y, et al. Long-term outcomes associated with posterior fossa syndrome in survivors of childhood medulloblastoma. JAMA Netw Open. 2026;9(2):e2559376. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Schreiber JE, Palmer SL, Conklin HM, et al. Posterior fossa syndrome and long-term neuropsychological outcomes among children treated for medulloblastoma on a multi-institutional, prospective study. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(12):1673–1682. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Svaldi C, Ntemou E, Jonkers R, et al. Language outcomes in children who underwent surgery for the removal of a posterior fossa tumor: a systematic review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2024;48:129–141. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Turkistani AN, Alsharif TH, Aldhafeeri WF, et al. Medical management for cerebellar mutism syndrome following posterior fossa surgery: a systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2024;242:108352. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Wibroe M, Ingersgaard MV, Larsen HB, et al. Living with the cerebellar mutism syndrome: long-term challenges of the diagnosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163(5):1291–1298. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation
  • Willard VW, et al. Social skills interventions for survivors of pediatric brain tumors: a review and reformulation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018. LinkCited on: Rehabilitation

84 references. Most links open the publication's DOI; a few open its PubMed or journal page.